Severe cases of low energy intake result in starvation
and life threatening conditions called Kwashiorkor
(characterized by protein deficiency) and Marasmus
(primarily a deficiency of energy-providing foods).
Marasmus
is a chronic condition of semi-starvation, characterized
in later stages by muscle wasting and an absence
of subcutaneous fat and to which children adjust, to
some extent, by reduced growth.
In Kwashiorkor, subcutaneous
fat is usually preserved; muscle wasting
occurs but is often masked by edema (swelling). Overall
the physical effects of malnutrition are dependent on
what nutrients are missing from the diet, for example, calories, protein, fat, vitamins or minerals.
Usually,
when individuals dietary intake is inadequate there is
likely to be an overall deficiency of many nutrients.
Below is a list of some of the general effects of
starvation.
-tiredness
-lethargy
-poor concentration
-weakness
hair loss and sometimes the growth of additional hair
on the arms and back. (The growth of additional hair
called lanugo hair and is frequently evident on people
who suffer with anorexia nervosa.)
-decreased muscle mass and tone
-weight loss
-menstruation may stop if weight loss is serious
-delayed puberty in adolescents
-iron-deficiency anemia
-poor immunity
-decrease in bone mineral density and an increased
risk of osteoporosis if weight loss is not reversed
-constipation
-deficiencies of various vitamins and minerals
-delayed gastric emptying
Cognitive changes associated with starvation
As the body starts to lose weight as a as a result of
insufficient energy intake, the ability of the brain to
function correctly is impaired. The symptoms associated
with changes in the way the brain functions are
referred to as cognitive changes.
The cognitive changes associated with starvation
include
increased risk of depression-related symptoms
-poor decision making skills
-irritable
-anxiety
-very reactive
-poor concentration
Social and sexual changes associated with
starvation
-withdrawal from social activities
-decreased libido
-decreased enjoyment in previously enjoyed activities
Children who have an insufficient
energy intakes over prolonged periods of time
may not reach expected growth rates. Furthermore,
they may lose weight and ultimately experience
stunted growth and develop nutrition-related complications.
Parents should ensure that a registered doctor
monitors growth rates regularly or a suitably qualified
professional.
